Abstract Base Classes

Abstract base classes complement duck-typing by providing a way to define interfaces when other techniques like hasattr() would be clumsy or subtly wrong (for example with magic methods).

Protocol classes provide a support for structural subtyping (static duck typing).

Tutorials

1. Protocol Or ABC In Python - When to use which one?

References

1. Abstract Base Classes

2. PEP 544 – Protocols: Structural subtyping

3. Protocols and structural subtyping

4. typing.Protocol

5. Building Implicit Interfaces in Python with Protocol Classes

6. Abstract Base Classes in Python: Fundamentals for Data Scientists

7. Implementing an Interface in Python

8. The ‘ABC’ of Abstract Base Classes